Research and practices
·
1500
- Leonardo da Vinci declares that experimentation and observation are
essential to all human learning, particularly the sciences.
·
1637 - René Descartes presents “The
Scientific Method,” which influences science teaching and learning for the
next 350 years.
·
1690 – The Essay Concerning Human Understanding is published by John
Locke, an advocate of the tabula rasa theory (“clean slate” or “blank slate”)
of the human mind.
·
1779 – A future US President, Thomas Jefferson, proposes a
two-track educational system with one track intended for students destined to
become laborers and another track for the more promising "learned"
individuals.
·
1892
- The Committee of Ten, a working
group of leading educators convenes at the behest of the National Education
Association, and publishes its trailblazing report offering the first standard curriculum for US
schools. It recommended that science
(with labs) should constitute 25% of the
curriculum.
·
1899
– The first US Science Curriculum is
published calling for two lessons per week in K-8 schools on Nature Study (an
interdisciplinary investigation of plants, animals, and ecology). It recommends
four lessons per week on physical geography, biology, physics, and chemistry
for secondary schools.
·
1916
- John Dewey’s Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education
is published, arguing that student
centered, hands-on curriculum constitutes the most effective approach to
student learning, and that schools are the best agents of democracy.
·
1956
- (Benjamin) Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives is published
dividing the cognitive domain into six levels.
·
1958
- Paul DeHart Hurd coins the term “scientific
literacy” in his article Science Literacy: It’s Meaning for American
Schools, defining scientific
literacy as a conceptual understanding of science and its application to
societal experiences.
·
1960
- “New Math” is introduced to
American schools. Lev Vygotsky’s 1934
book Thought
and Language introduces the concept of “Zones of Proximal Development.”
·
1966
– Jerome Bruner offers an
alternative to behaviorism in his book Toward a Theory of Instruction, which introduces his Constructivist Learning Theory.
·
1964
- the NSF sponsors 20 innovative hands-on, interactive curriculum projects
marking the first time that science curriculum was influenced from a national
level.
·
1970
– Jean Piaget’s book, the Science
of Education is published in which his Learning Cycle Model
stresses the value of discovery-based
teaching approaches, particularly in the sciences.
·
1975
- Why
Johnny Can’t Write is published in the December 8 issue of Newsweek
magazine bringing literacy to the political forefront, and contributes to the “Back to Basics” Movement reversing 20
years of progressive education.
·
1982
- Howard Gardner introduces the Multiple Intelligences Learning Theory in
his book Art, Mind and Brain.
·
1983
- A
Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Education Reform is released by the National Commission on Excellence in
Education calling for reforms in public education and teacher training,
stating that “the educational foundations of our society are being eroded by a
rising tide of mediocrity.”
·
1993
- Benchmarks
for Science Literacy is released providing coherent
end-of-year learning goals for students in grades 2, 5, 8, and 12 in the areas
of science, mathematics, and technology. The Benchmarks shape future state and
national science standards.
·
2007
- The American Competitiveness
Initiative is signed into law adding $136 billion over a 10-year period for
research, development and education in the STEM
fields.
·
2009
- The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics and English
Language Arts is launched.
·
2013
- The Next Generation Science Standards establish
new science standards and curriculum recommendations for standard-specific
performance expectations.
·
2017
- Implementation of the Next Generation
Science Standards begins nationwide.
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